Case Study 1: Single Company Reporting
Reminder! To run these examples, you should first start a new session and then load the sample database using:"/localvision/samples/general/sample.load" asFileContents evaluate ;Any other files referenced can be read from the /localvision/samples/general/ directory.Note: The sample.load file runs by default on a Unix environment. If you are using a Windows NT platform, this location may be prefixed by a drive and optional path (e.g. d:/visiondb/localvision/samples/general/sample.load). Check with your Vision Administrator for further details.
It is often useful to display many data items over time for a single company. Read the file example1.a You should see the following:
Named Company GM
do: [
!dr <- 90 to: 88 by: 1 yearEnds ; #--create date range
" " print: 15 ; #--indent
dr evaluate: [ ^date year print: 10 ; ] ; #--display years
newLine print ;
"Sales" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ sales print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
"EPS" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ earningsPerShare print: 10 ];
newLine print ;
"Price" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ price print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
] ;
Execute this program. You should see:
1990 1989 1988
Sales 101781.00 102813.00 96371.63
EPS 5.03 4.11 6.14
Price 32.12 32.12 32.12
This program displays some basic financial data about GM for the years 1990, 1989, and 1988. Each line is introduced with a 15 character label. The specific data item is then printed for each year, one year per column.
Suppose you want to enhance this report by adding a title and underlining the years. Read the file example1.b. You should see:
Named Company GM
do: [
!dr <- 90 to: 88 by: 1 yearEnds ;
name centerNL: 45 . print; #-- center the name
"Financial Summary" centerNL: 45 . print; #-- center report title
newLine print ;
" " print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ ^date year print: 10 ; ] ;
newLine print ;
" " print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ " " print ; "-" fill: 9 . print ] ; #-- underline
newLine print ;
"Sales" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ sales print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
"EPS" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ earningsPerShare print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
"Price" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ price print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
] ;
Execute this program. You should see:
General Motors Corp
Financial Summary
1990 1989 1988
-------- --------- --------
Sales 101781.00 102813.00 96371.63
EPS 5.03 4.11 6.14
Price 32.12 32.12 32.12
The report now contains a two-line title. The first line is the company
name centered over 45 characters. The second line contains the title Financial
Summary. The fill: 9 message is used to create
a string containing the "-" character 9 times. This is used to underline each year.
Notice that the value for the price is the same in all years. Since the message price is defined as a fixed property in the sample database, its value is the same independent of the evaluation date. The value of price can therefore be made part of the report header. The next variation of this report makes this change and adds the preparation date to the header as well. The price data row is replaced by a row that computes the ratio of price to earnings. Read the file example1.c. You should see:
Named Company GM
do: [
!dr <- 90 to: 88 by: 1 yearEnds ;
name centerNL: 45 . print;
"Financial Summary" centerNL: 45 . print;
"Prepared: " print ;
^today formatUsingShortName print ; #-- format today's date
" Latest Price: " print ; #-- display string
price printNL ; #-- display price
newLine print ;
" " print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ ^date year print: 10 ; ] ;
newLine print ;
" " print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ " " print ; "-" fill: 9 . print ] ;
newLine print ;
"Sales" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ sales print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
"EPS" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ earningsPerShare print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
"PE" print: 15 ; #-- PE is a calculation
dr evaluate: [ price / earningsPerShare print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
] ;
Execute this program. You should see:
General Motors Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price: 32.12
1990 1989 1988
--------- --------- ---------
Sales 101781.00 102813.00 96371.63
EPS 5.03 4.11 6.14
PE 6.39 7.82 5.23
The preparation date and the latest price now appear in the header.
The third data line contains the price-earnings ratio. Notice that you
were able to compute the price-earnings ratio in the dr evaluate:
block. Blocks can contain any Vision program including single messages
and complex multi-statement calculations.
The next variation of this report converts this program to a Company method. This basically requires changing the do: message to a defineMethod: message and naming the method. The contents of the program itself need not change. Read the file example1.d. You should see:
Company defineMethod: #-- this line is new [ | financialAnalysis | #-- name the method !dr <- 90 to: 88 by: 1 yearEnds ; name centerNL: 45 . print ; "Financial Summary" centerNL: 45 . print; "Prepared: " print ; ^today formatUsingShortName print ; " Latest Price: " print ; price printNL ; newLine print ; " " print: 15 ; dr evaluate: [ ^date year print: 10 ; ] ; newLine print ; " " print: 15 ; dr evaluate: [ " " print ; "-" fill: 9 . print] ; newLine print ; "Sales" print: 15 ; dr evaluate: [ sales print: 10 ] ; newLine print ; "EPS" print: 15 ; dr evaluate: [ earningsPerShare print: 10 ] ; newLine print ; "PE" print: 15 ; dr evaluate: [ price / earningsPerShare print: 10 ] ; newLine print ; ] ; #--this line ends the method #--- Run the method Named Company GM financialAnalysis ;Execute this program. You should see:
General Motors Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price: 32.12
1990 1989 1988
--------- --------- ---------
Sales 101781.00 102813.00 96371.63
EPS 5.03 4.11 6.14
PE 6.39 7.82 5.23
This output should be identical to the prior version. To produce the same report for another company, just change the company code. For example read the file example1.e or type:
Named Company IBM financialAnalysisExecute this program. You should see:
IBM Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price: 80.75
1990 1989 1988
--------- --------- --------
Sales 54217.02 51250.02 50056.01
EPS 8.72 7.81 10.67
PE 9.26 10.34 7.57
The output displays the report using IBM's data. You can execute this method for a list of companies as well. Read the file example1.f. This version selects the top 3 companies based on percent change in sales from 1989 to 1990 and produces the report for each company in the list:
90 evaluate: #-- run the program as of 1990
[
!top3 <- Company masterList #-- start with all companies
rankDown: [ :sales pctChangeLag: 1 yearEnds ] . #-- 1990 to 1989
select: [ rank <= 3 ] ; #-- select rank = 1 - 3
"*** Financial Summary Report For Top 3 Companies ***" printNL ;
" (Using 1990 1989 Percent Change in Sales)" printNL;
top3 #-- for each top3 company
do: [ newLine print ;
newLine print ;
financialAnalysis ; #-- run the method
] ;
] ;
Execute this program. You should see:
*** Financial Summary Report For Top 3 Companies ***
(Using 1990 1989 Percent Change in Sales)
Digital Equipment Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 14-Dec-1998 Latest Price: 39.50
1990 1989 1988
--------- --------- ---------
Sales 9389.44 7590.32 6686.29
EPS 8.53 4.81 3.71
PE 4.63 8.21 10.65
Pepsico Inc
Financial Summary
Prepared: 14-Dec-1998 Latest Price: 37.88
1990 1989 1988
--------- --------- ---------
Sales 11485.20 9290.79 8056.65
EPS 0.77 0.58 0.50
PE 49.19 65.30 75.75
Wal-Mart Stores
Financial Summary
Prepared: 14-Dec-1998 Latest Price: 59.12
1990 1989 1988
--------- --------- ---------
Sales 11909 8451.46 6400.85
EPS 0.40 0.29 0.24
PE 147.81 203.88 246.35
The report is displayed for the top 3 companies. The list top3 is created
by ranking all companies by percent change in year end sales. Since the
entire program is evaluated as of 90 (i.e., 12/31/1990), this percent change
is based on 1989 1990 sales. The list is created by selecting those companies
with a rank of 1 - 3. The message financialAnalysis is sent to each
company in the list to generate the report. The two newLine statements
are used to print carriage returns to separate the report output.
The current version of this method has the years for the report hard-coded. This is only useful until the data is updated. The file example1.g changes the date range creation to use the last three years of available data based on the evaluation date:
Company defineMethod: [ | financialAnalysis | #-- get last available date for sales date !lastDate <- :sales effectiveDate ; #-- create date range relative to last available date !dr <- lastDate to: lastDate - 2 yearEnds by: 1 yearEnds ; name centerNL: 45 . print; "Financial Summary" centerNL: 45 . print; "Prepared: " print ; ^today formatUsingShortName print ; " Latest Price: " print ; price printNL ; newLine print ; " " print: 15 ; dr evaluate: [ ^date year print: 10 ; ] ; newLine print ; " " print: 15 ; dr evaluate: [ " " print ; "-" fill: 9 . print ] ; newLine print ; "Sales" print: 15 ; dr evaluate: [ sales print: 10 ] ; newLine print ; "EPS" print: 15 ; dr evaluate: [ earningsPerShare print: 10 ] ; newLine print ; "PE" print: 15 ; dr evaluate: [ price / earningsPerShare print: 10 ] ; newLine print ; ] ; Named Company GM financialAnalysis ;Execute this program. You should see:
General Motors Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price:32.12
1990 1989 1988
--------- --------- ---------
Sales 101781.00 102813.00 96371.63
EPS 5.03 4.11 6.14
PE 6.39 7.82 5.23
This report is identical to the prior version of the GM report. Since
the last date of sales data availability for GM is 1990, the report is
still generated for the years 1990, 1989, and 1988.
Now produce this report as of 12/31/1989 by reading the file example1.h or typing:
89 evaluate: [ Named Company GM financialAnalysis ] ;Execute this program. You should see:
General Motors Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price: 32.12
1989 1988 1987
--------- --------- ---------
Sales 102813.00 96371.63 NA
EPS 4.11 6.14 NA
PE 7.82 5.23 NA
The report starts with the year 1989 in this case. Since the first reporting
date is defined using the effectiveDate message and this message
is based on the current evaluation date, the lastDate in the report
is computed to be 1989. Since this method displays data for the 3 year-end
dates ending with this date, data for the years 1989, 1988, and 1987 are
displayed.
Update GM's sales data for 1991 and run the report again for GM and IBM by reading the file example1.i or typing:
Named Company GM
:sales asOf: 91 put: 123456.78 ; #-- update GM data
Named Company GM , Named Company IBM #-- create a list
do: [ financialAnalysis ; #-- and report for each element
newLine print ;
newLine print ;
] ;
Execute this program. You should see:
General Motors Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price:32.12
1991 1990 1989
--------- --------- ---------
Sales 123456.78 101781.00 102813.00
EPS 5.03 5.03 4.11
PE 6.39 6.39 7.82
IBM Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price: 80.75
1990 1989 1988
--------- --------- ---------
Sales 54217.02 51250.02 50056.01
EPS 8.72 7.81 10.67
PE 9.26 10.34 7.57
Notice that GM's report displays data from 1991 to 1989 and IBM's report displays data from 1990 to 1988.
The next version of this report enables you to vary the number of periods displayed. You invoke the method with a parameter that indicates the number of periods. The file example1.j defines this method and uses the supplied input to determine the number of periods to display:
Company defineMethod:
[ | financialAnalysisForPeriods: number |
!lastDate <- :sales effectiveDate ; #-- most recent date
!offset <- (number - 1 ) asInteger ; #-- years to subtract
!firstDate <- lastDate - 2 yearEnds ; #-- default first date
offset isInteger #-- recompute if input is valid
ifTrue: [ :firstDate <- lastDate - offset yearEnds ] ;
!dr <- lastDate to: firstDate by: 1 yearEnds ;
name centerNL: 45 . print;
"Financial Summary" centerNL: 45 . print;
"Prepared: " print ;
^today formatUsingShortName print ;
" Latest Price: " print ;
price printNL ;
newLine print ;
" " print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ ^date year print: 10 ; ] ;
newLine print ;
" " print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ " " print ; "-" fill: 9 . print ] ;
newLine print ;
"Sales" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ sales print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
"EPS" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ earningsPerShare print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
"PE" print: 15 ;
dr evaluate: [ price / earningsPerShare print: 10 ] ;
newLine print ;
] ;
Named Company GM financialAnalysisForPeriods: 4 ;
Execute this program. You should see:
General Motors Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price:32.12
1991 1990 1989 1988
--------- --------- --------- ---------
Sales 123456.78 101781.00 102813.00 96371.63
EPS 5.03 5.03 4.11 6.14
PE 6.39 6.39 7.82 5.23
The report is displayed for 4 periods, 1991 - 1988. The new method uses
the supplied input to determine the first date to display. If the input
is not valid, the first date defaults to the date 2 years prior to the
last date.
The next version produces this report for GM and IBM for 2 periods. Because it is executed as of 12/31/1990, the last date will be based on the 1990 data. Read in the file example1.k or type:
90 evaluate:
[ Named Company send: [ GM, IBM ] .
do: [
#-- ^self or ^current needed here to avoid syntax error
^self financialAnalysisForPeriods: 2 ;
newLine print ;
newLine print ;
];
] ;
Execute this program. You should see:
General Motors Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price: 32.12
1990 1989
-------- ---------
Sales 101781.00 102813.00
EPS 5.03 4.11
PE 6.39 7.82
IBM Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price: 80.75
1990 1989
--------- ---------
Sales 54217.02 51250.02
EPS 8.72 7.81
PE 9.26 10.34
The entire report is executed as of 12/31/90. For each company in the
list (i.e., GM, IBM), a 2-period version of the report is displayed. The
message ^self must precede the financialAnalysisForPeriods:
message since you cannot start a statement with a keyword message. The
newLine statements print blank lines after each company's report
is printed.
This final version redefines the financialAnalysis method to use this new method. Read in the file example1.l or type:
Company defineMethod: [ | financialAnalysis | ^self financialAnalysisForPeriods: 3 ; ] ; Named Company GM financialAnalysis ;Execute this program. You should see:
General Motors Corp
Financial Summary
Prepared: 12-Jan 1993 Latest Price: 32.12
1991 1990 1989
--------- --------- ---------
Sales 123456.78 101781.00 102813.00
EPS 5.03 5.03 4.11
PE 6.39 6.39 7.82
This report should look very familiar at this point.
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